Ancient Woodland

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Ancient Woodland is a term used in the United Kingdom to refer specifically to woodland dating back to 1600 or before in England and Wales, (or 1750 in Scotland). Before this, planting of new woodland was uncommon, so a wood present in 1600 was likely to have developed naturally. For many species of animal and plant, Ancient Woodland sites provide the sole habitat, and for many others, conditions on these sites are much more suitable than those on other sites. For these reasons Ancient Woodland is often described as an irreplaceable resource, or Critical Natural Capital Forestry Commission Wales Reclaiming our Forgotten Inheritance (RoFI) project. Ancient Woodland is formally defined on maps by Natural England and equivalent bodies, and is given a degree of administrative protection.

The term is analogous to the American term "old growth forest".

Characteristics of Ancient Woodland The definition of Ancient Woodland includes several sub-types. Ancient Semi-Natural Woodland (ASNW) is composed of native tree species that have not obviously been planted. Planted Ancient Woodland Sites (PAWS) are ancient woods in which the former tree cover has been replaced, often with non-native trees; features of ancient woodland often survive in many of these woods too, including characteristic wildlife, and structures of archaeological interest.

Species which are particularly characteristic of Ancient Woodland sites are called Ancient Woodland Indicator (AWI) species. The term tends to be applied more commonly to plant species than to animals, as they are slower to colonise planted woodlands, and are thus viewed as more reliable indicators of ancient woodland sites. Lists of Ancient Woodland Indicator species among vascular plants were developed by the Nature Conservancy Council (now Natural England for each region of England – each list containing the 100 most reliable indicators for that region. The methodology used involved studying the flora of known woodland sites and analysing occurrence patterns to determine which species were most indicative of sites which existed before 1600. Although Ancient Woodland indicator species can & do occur in non-Ancient Woodlands, and also in non-woodland sites such as hedgerows, it is uncommon for a site which is not Ancient Woodland to host a double-figure AWI species total.

Ancient Woodland Inventories Ancient woods over 20,000 square metres in size are recorded in Ancient Woodland Inventories (AWIs), compiled in the 1980s and 1990s by the Nature Conservancy Council in England, WalesSpencer, J. and Kirby, K. (1992) An inventory of ancient woodland for England and Wales. Biological Conservation 62, 77-93, and ScotlandWalker, G.J. and Kirby, K.J. (1989) Inventories of ancient, long-established and semi-natural woodland for Scotland. Nature Conservancy Council: Research and survey in nature conservation No. 22; and maintained by its successor organisations in those countries. There was no Inventory in Northern Ireland until the Woodland Trust completed it in 2006 The Woodland Trust Back on the Map project.

Decline of Ancient Woodland Britain's Ancient Woodland cover has declined greatly. Since the 1930s almost half of ancient broadleaved woodland in England and Wales has been planted with conifers or cleared for agriculture. Only 3,090 square kilometres of ASNW survive in Britain – less than 20% of the total wooded area. More than 8 out of 10 Ancient Woodland in England and Wales are less than 200,000 square metres, only 501 exceed 1 square kilometre and a mere 14 are larger than 3 square kilometres. The Woodland Trust page on ancient woodland loss.

Woodland management Most Ancient Woodland in the UK has been managed in some way by humans for hundreds (in some cases possibly thousands) of years. Two traditional techniques are coppicing (harvesting wood by cutting trees back to ground level) and pollarding (harvesting wood at about human head height to prevent new shoots being eaten by grazing species such as deer). Both techniques encourage new growth while allowing the sustainable production of timber and other woodland produce. During the 20th century, use of such traditional management techniques has declined while there has been an increase in large-scale mechanised forestry. These changes in management methods resulted in changes to Ancient Woodland habitats, and a loss of Ancient Woodland to forestry.

Examples of Ancient Woodlands

Hatfield Forest
Highgate Wood
Queen's Wood
Coldfall Wood
Vincients Wood
Holt Heath, Dorset
Parkhurst Forest
Grass Wood, Wharfedale
Edford Woods and Meadows
Wentwood, Monmouthshire
Foxley Wood, Norfolk

See also

Old growth forest

References

Ancient Woodland is a term used in the United Kingdom to refer specifically to woodland dating back to 1600 or before in England and Wales, (or 1750 in Scotland). Before this, planting of new woodland was uncommon, so a wood present in 1600 was likely to have developed naturally. For many species of animal and plant, Ancient Woodland sites provide the sole habitat, and for many others, conditions on these sites are much more suitable than those on other sites. For these reasons Ancient Woodland is often described as an irreplaceable resource, or Critical Natural Capital Forestry Commission Wales Reclaiming our Forgotten Inheritance (RoFI) project. Ancient Woodland is formally defined on maps by Natural England and equivalent bodies, and is given a degree of administrative protection.

The term is analogous to the American term "old growth forest".

Characteristics of Ancient Woodland The definition of Ancient Woodland includes several sub-types. Ancient Semi-Natural Woodland (ASNW) is composed of native tree species that have not obviously been planted. Planted Ancient Woodland Sites (PAWS) are ancient woods in which the former tree cover has been replaced, often with non-native trees; features of ancient woodland often survive in many of these woods too, including characteristic wildlife, and structures of archaeological interest.

Species which are particularly characteristic of Ancient Woodland sites are called Ancient Woodland Indicator (AWI) species. The term tends to be applied more commonly to plant species than to animals, as they are slower to colonise planted woodlands, and are thus viewed as more reliable indicators of ancient woodland sites. Lists of Ancient Woodland Indicator species among vascular plants were developed by the Nature Conservancy Council (now Natural England for each region of England – each list containing the 100 most reliable indicators for that region. The methodology used involved studying the flora of known woodland sites and analysing occurrence patterns to determine which species were most indicative of sites which existed before 1600. Although Ancient Woodland indicator species can & do occur in non-Ancient Woodlands, and also in non-woodland sites such as hedgerows, it is uncommon for a site which is not Ancient Woodland to host a double-figure AWI species total.

Ancient Woodland Inventories Ancient woods over 20,000 square metres in size are recorded in Ancient Woodland Inventories (AWIs), compiled in the 1980s and 1990s by the Nature Conservancy Council in England, WalesSpencer, J. and Kirby, K. (1992) An inventory of ancient woodland for England and Wales. Biological Conservation 62, 77-93, and ScotlandWalker, G.J. and Kirby, K.J. (1989) Inventories of ancient, long-established and semi-natural woodland for Scotland. Nature Conservancy Council: Research and survey in nature conservation No. 22; and maintained by its successor organisations in those countries. There was no Inventory in Northern Ireland until the Woodland Trust completed it in 2006 The Woodland Trust Back on the Map project.

Decline of Ancient Woodland Britain's Ancient Woodland cover has declined greatly. Since the 1930s almost half of ancient broadleaved woodland in England and Wales has been planted with conifers or cleared for agriculture. Only 3,090 square kilometres of ASNW survive in Britain – less than 20% of the total wooded area. More than 8 out of 10 Ancient Woodland in England and Wales are less than 200,000 square metres, only 501 exceed 1 square kilometre and a mere 14 are larger than 3 square kilometres. The Woodland Trust page on ancient woodland loss.

Woodland management Most Ancient Woodland in the UK has been managed in some way by humans for hundreds (in some cases possibly thousands) of years. Two traditional techniques are coppicing (harvesting wood by cutting trees back to ground level) and pollarding (harvesting wood at about human head height to prevent new shoots being eaten by grazing species such as deer). Both techniques encourage new growth while allowing the sustainable production of timber and other woodland produce. During the 20th century, use of such traditional management techniques has declined while there has been an increase in large-scale mechanised forestry. These changes in management methods resulted in changes to Ancient Woodland habitats, and a loss of Ancient Woodland to forestry.

Examples of Ancient Woodlands

Hatfield Forest
Highgate Wood
Queen's Wood
Coldfall Wood
Vincients Wood
Holt Heath, Dorset
Parkhurst Forest
Grass Wood, Wharfedale
Edford Woods and Meadows
Wentwood, Monmouthshire
Foxley Wood, Norfolk